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ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether the size of thyroid nodules in ACR-TIRADS ultrasound categories 3 and 4 is correlated with the Bethesda cytopathology classification. Methods Thyroid nodules (566) subclassified as ACR-TIRADS 3 or 4 were divided into three size categories according to American Thyroid Association guidelines. The frequency of different Bethesda categories in each size range within ACR-TIRADS 3 and 4 classifications was analyzed. Results Most nodules in both ACR-TIRADS classifications fell in the Bethesda 2 category, regardless of size (90.8% and 68.6%, ACR-TIRADS 3 and 4 respectively). The prevalence of Bethesda 6 nodules in the ACR-TIRADS 4 group was 14 times higher than in the ACR-TIRADS 3 group. There were no significant differences between nodule size and fine needle aspiration biopsy classification in any of the ACR-TIRADS categories. Conclusion Size does not appear to be an important criterion for indication of fine needle aspiration biopsy in thyroid nodules with a high suspicion of malignancy on ultrasound examination.
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RESUMEN Fundamento: la tiroides es donde con más frecuencia se originan enfermedades tumorales de naturaleza endocrina maligna. A este antecedente se suman las múltiples variantes histológicas que posee la enfermedad, que en ocasiones son motivo de importantes dudas diagnósticas. Por esta razón, se desarrollan estudios en los que cada vez más se añaden procedimientos morfométricos. Se reconoce que el éxito de un tratamiento individualizado depende de un diagnóstico preciso, donde la morfometría, al descartar la subjetividad en el diagnóstico se convierte en una herramienta de mucho valor. Objetivo: caracterización morfométrica del carcinoma papilar de tiroides diagnosticado por biopsias escisionales. Métodos: se realizó un estudio morfométrico de serie de casos en 12 pacientes con este diagnóstico histopatológico, atendidos en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Se seleccionaron 340 campos y se midieron 10 465 núcleos celulares, lo que constituyó la muestra. Se caracterizaron indicadores morfométricos nucleares del carcinoma papilar de tiroides como el área, el volumen y el factor de forma. Resultados: el área y volumen nuclear mostraron valores aumentados comparados con los valores de enfermedades nodulares benignas de otros estudios. El valor del factor de forma nuclear se acercó a uno por lo que los núcleos tienden a ser redondos y se pudo observar que a mayores valores del área nuclear mayores valores del factor de forma nuclear. Conclusiones: se caracterizaron indicadores morfométricos del carcinoma papilar de tiroides en los casos estudiados como el área, el volumen y el factor de forma que contribuyen a su diagnóstico histopatológico.
ABSTRACT Background: thyroid is where malignant endocrine tumor diseases originate more frequently. This entity possesses multiple histological variants added to this antecedent, which are usually the cause of important diagnostic doubts. For this reason, studies in which more and more morphometric procedures are added have been developed. The success of an individualized treatment depends on an accurate diagnosis, in which morphometry is recognized by ruling out subjectivity in diagnosis, becomes a valuable tool. Objective: morphometric characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed by excisional biopsies. Morphometric. Methods: a morphometric study of a series of cases was carried out with 12 patients with this histopathological diagnosis, attended at the Vladimir Ilich Lenin University Provincial Hospital. 340 fields were selected and 10 465 cell nuclei were measured, which was our sample. Nuclear morphometric indicators were characterized, such as area, volume and shape factor. Results: nuclear area and volume showed increased values compared to benign nodular disease values from other studies. The value of the nuclear form factor approached one, so the nuclei tend to be round and it was observed that the higher the values of the nuclear area, the higher the values of the nuclear form factor. Conclusions: morphometric indicators of papillary thyroid carcinoma were characterized in the studied cases that may contribute to histopathological diagnosis.
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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: O Câncer de tiróide é a neoplasia endócrina maligna mais frequente com incidência de 1% no Brasil. Os carcinomas diferenciados da tireóide (CDT) - papilífero e folicular- são responsáveis por 90% das neoplasias tireoidianas, com elevado percentual de curas, porém em 7 a 20% dos pacientes, evolui com metástases e recorrências precoces. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os marcadores moleculares que auxiliam no prognóstico e tratamento mais adequado do CDT e as novas perspectivas terapêuticas. CONTEÚDO: Inúmeros estudos vem buscando identificar marcadores prognósticos, que possam dividir os pacientes de baixo e alto risco e assim determinar uma forma de tratamento mais adequada nos casos resistentes ao tratamento convencional. Alguns marcadores moleculares tem sido estudados e relacionados ao CDT, como o NIS, RAS, BRAF, RET/PTC, PAX8/PPARY, p53, NRTK1, Galectina-3 e ciclo-oxigenase-2. Novas drogas estão em estudo em base aos marcadores moleculares, como o sorafenib, zactima, ácido retinóico, inibidores da ciclo-oxigenase-2, troglitazona, dentre outros, com resultados animadores. CONCLUSÃO: A medida que se conhece a patogêse molecular das neoplasias tiroideanas, novos drogas estão sendo estudadas e testadas in vitro e in vivo e avaliados em ensaios clínicos com resultados bastantes promissores para o CDT, principalmente o carcinoma papilífero da tireóide (CPT)...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignantendocrine neoplasm, with an incidence of 1% in Brazil. Differentiated thyroidcarcinoma (DTC) - papillary and follicular - are responsible for 90% of thyroid cancers with high cure rates, but in 7-20% of patients with metastasis and recurrence develops early. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular markers that aid in prognosis and most appropriate treatment of DTC and the new therapeutic perspectives.CONTENTS: Numerous studies has sought to identify prognostic markers that can stratify patients with low or high risk and thus determine a more appropriate form of treatment in cases resistant to conventional treatment. Some molecular markers have been studied and related to CDT, such as NIS, RAS, BRAF, RET / PTC, PAX8/PPARY, p53, NRTK1, Galectin-3 and Cyclooxygenase-2. New drugs are being studied based on the molecular markers, such as sorafenib, zactima, retinoic acid, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, troglitazone, among others, with encouraging results.CONCLUSION: As we know the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer, new drugs are being studied and tested in vitro and in vivo and evaluated in clinical trials with very promising results for the CDT, mainly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)...